Definition Of Research And Its Many Types Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2712 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The term research is loosely used in everyday life. While watching the television, listening to radio or reading the newspaper we come across this term every now then, it is very difficult to avoid this term. The basic definition of the term Research is given in Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary as (oxfordreference.com) The systematic investigation into the study of materials, sources etc. in order to establish facts reach new conclusions Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Definition Of Research And Its Many Types Finance Essay" essay for you Create order An endeavor to discover new or collate old facts etc. by the scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical investigation. Also Research can be defined as something that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge. Systematic way to find out things are vital phrases in this definition. The phrase systematic here suggests that the research is based on logical relationships not beliefs. And the phrase to find out things suggests that there are multiplicity of possible purposes for the research which may include describing, explaining, understanding, criticizing analyzing. (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2005) From the above definitions, it is evident that research has following characteristics: Data collection interpretation process is systematic controlled. Research has a clear purpose. The research process involves rigorously tested results methods results are open to public scrutiny criticism. (Walliman, 2005) Unless a person is clear about what he wants to research, it is difficult to plan how he is going to research. With reference to this there is one quote in Alices Adventures in Wonderland. Its a part of Alices conversation with the Cheshire cat where Alice is asking the Cat, Would you tell me, which way I ought to walk from here? That depends a good deal on where you want to get to said the cat. I dont much care where replied Alice. Then it doesnt matter which way you walk said the cat. (Carroll, 1989) Thus, formulating illuminating the research topic is the preliminary step of the research project. Once the topic is clear, it becomes easy to choose the most appropriate research strategy data collection analysis technique. This process may be time consuming but if enough importance is not given to this stage the entire project faces the risk of failure. (Saunders Lewis, 1997) Types of Research: Once the research topic is formulated, next step is to decide the type of research required to be conducted. There are different types of research which are distinguished on the basis of theoretical background methodologies adopted to conduct them. Following are some of the commonly used research types (Walliman, 2005): Historical Comparative Descriptive Correlation Experimental Evaluation etc. Now let us briefly understand these concepts. Historical Historical research is defined as the systematic objective location, evaluation synthesis of evidence in order to establish facts draw conclusions about past events. (Borg, 1963) Historical research enables solutions to contemporary problems to be sought in past. More stress is given on what had happened in the past to find out reasons why how that happened. It also helps to figure out present future trends. Such kind of research stresses the relative importance the effects of the interactions that are found within all cultures. (Walliman, 2005) Comparative Comparative research is normally undertaken in co-ordination with historical research. In such type of research peoples experience from different societies or different situations is compared. These researches can take place on the macro or the micro level. This kind of study comparison of differences helps to divulge the origins development of social phenomena. Descriptive Under descriptive research observation is used as a tool for collecting data. It tries to understand the situation in order to build up standards i.e. what can happen if certain situation takes place. Observation, as stated above can be done in many ways like, interviewing people, distributing the questionnaire, audio or video recording etc. These observations are recorded then analyzed in order to reach conclusions. Such type of research is affected by two major factors: the level of complexity involved the scope of the survey. This research has a drawback, as it depends upon the observation of human behavior there responses. For such type of research one has to be very careful while selecting the sample population framing the questions to be asked. Correlation The dictionary meaning of the term Correlation is a connection between two or more things, often one in which one of them causes or influences the other. (dictionary.cambridge. org) Such kind of research is related to numbers unlike previous types of research. Its more of a quantitative form to analyze such data various statistic techniques are used. This quantitative research can be further classified into; Relational Studies Prediction Studies. Relational Studies is an investigation of probable connection between different phenomena to find out if there is any correlation if yes, then to what extent. Where Prediction Studies is used when correlation between different phenomena is known it can be used to predict future events or behavior. The major advantage offered by such research is that it allows measuring the characteristics of variables their relationship simultaneously. But it lacks to reveal the cause effect relationship among the variables. Experimental An experiment can be defined as making change in the value of one variable, known as independent variable observing the effects of those changes on the value of another variable known as dependent variable. (Cohen Manion, 1994) For example, experiments performed in laboratories. Before carrying out any experimental research it is necessary to predict the likely effects causes. This gives an idea of what kinds of variables are required how they should be measured controlled during the experiment. Thus it can be seen that the most important characteristics of experimental research is to find out cause effect relationship between a set of variables. Experimental Research can be further classified into Pre-experimental Research, True Experimental Research, Quasi Experimental Research and Correlation ex post facto Research. Evaluation Evaluation research is a descriptive kind of research exclusively designed to handle complex social issues. (Guba Lincoln, 1989) The main purpose behind any evaluation research is to understand the particular programmes or the working of the programme from different viewpoints like awareness about the subject, cost effectiveness, benefits, attainment of the objectives the quality produced. Most of the times, outcome of such evaluation is helpful in improving the existing situations or developing the new ones. But sometimes it just helps to understand the programme. (Robson, 1993) Methods of collecting data: After finalizing the type of research to be undertaken; next step is to formulate the techniques for collection of data. At first, the nature of data required should be confirmed then, techniques for analyzing that data should be figured. The decision of adopting particular data collection analysis technique is derived from the nature of output required, the characteristics of research problem the available information sources. Thus it becomes necessary to decide whether to conduct qualitative analysis or quantitative analysis. Based on the above discussion, relationship between type of research, data collection techniques data analysis techniques can be presented diagrammatically as follows. Fig. 1 Matrix Diagram: Link between Perspectives (Adapted from Walliman, 2005) The Matrix Diagram makes clear that not only research type data required are related but also data collection data analysis techniques are related to each other. The above figure points out two widely used data collection data analysis techniques; Qualitative Quantitative techniques which are used frequently in business management research. Quantitative technique generally makes use of questionnaire to collect data or makes use of graphs or statistics for collecting analyzing numerical data. Whereas Qualitative technique is used for collecting data through interviews categorizing collected data for generating non-numerical results. It can be interpret by making use of videos or pictures. (Saunders, 2009) Mixed Method is a technique which combines both qualitative as well as quantitative techniques. It involves the use of qualitative quantitative approaches mixing both the approaches making the analysis more strong. (Creswell Plano, 2007) Advantages of Qualitative Research Methods: Produces more in-depth ample information. It makes use of subjective type of data More emphasis is given on detailed description It helps to understand the situation more critically Qualitative approach is not only helpful in understanding the complex situations but also helpful in creating or evolving theories. It gives flexibility to researcher to check out participants responses. Limitations of Qualitative Research Methods: It has limited scope as small groups are used for interviews. If essential questions are omitted it will have adverse effect on the research analysis will lose its affectivity. Data is gathered on large amount, it becomes difficult to manage if not properly organized. Advantages of Quantitative Research Methods: Data is collected in numerical standardized form. Quantitative analysis always involves numerical analysis of data. Analysis is conducted using statistical formulas diagrams. Relationship between variables is expressed formally. Outcome of the research can be compared with previously held outcomes of the research. Limitations of Quantitative Research Methods: Often, assumptions are needed to be done. These assumptions have to be done on reasonable grounds otherwise there is possibility of losing the effectiveness of research. Quantitative analysis generally helps to understand the particular relationship between the variables but does not give reasoning behind it. Choices available for research methods: As explained by Tashakkori Teddlie in the book Research Methods for Business Students, one can make use of single data collection corresponding data analysis technique known as Mono Method or make use of multiple data collection analysis techniques known as Multiple Methods. Fig. 1 Research Choices (Saunders, 2009) The above chart explains various research choices available. The two basic choices under research choices are Mono Methods Multiple Methods. Under Mono method one can combine either single quantitative data collection technique such as questionnaire with quantitative data analysis techniques or make use of qualitative data collection technique like detailed interviews qualitative data analysis techniques. Whereas under Multiple Methods, one can combine qualitative as well as quantitative data collection techniques like making use of questionnaire structured interviews both analyzing using statistical techniques. It is known as Multi-method Quantitative Study. Another option available is Multi-method Qualitative Study where data can be collected using qualitative techniques like structured interviews data can be analyzed using non-numerical qualitative techniques. Mixed Methods can be used to define, when qualitative quantitative data collection analysis techniques are used together for research. Mixed Methods is further classified into two groups; Mixed Method Research Mixed Model Research. Mixed Method Research makes use of qualitative quantitative data collection analysis techniques either parallel or sequentially i.e. at the same time or one after the other but never combines them. It means that, though quantitative qualitative views are used together, quantitative data is analyzed using quantitative techniques qualitative data is analyzed using qualitative techniques. On the other hand Mixed Model Research combines quantitative qualitative data collection analysis techniques. This means one can take quantitative data qualities it or quantities the qualitative data. Tashakkori Teddlie further argued that Multiple Methods are preferable for research as they give more opportunities for analysis. They also stated that adopting Multiple Methods gives a major advantage of using different techniques for different purposes of study. Approach adopted: For my study purpose I have adopted Mixed Method Research, where Ill be using qualitative as well quantitative techniques together. My study is dived into two parts where in first part I have to build a Geography Model in second part identify the costs that are directly or indirectly affected by rising oil prices. For building the model, required information will be collected by interviewing the concerned people i.e. use of qualitative technique. And for the second part, costs will be allocated using Oil Vulnerability Audit Tool i.e. quantitative technique. It is Relational Correlation Research type where I will be investigating probable connection between resource costs their vulnerability to oil prices to find out if there is any correlation if yes, then to what extent. Let us understand Oil Vulnerability Audit Tool concisely. It is a tool designed by Dr. Simon Snowden his colleagues from the University of Liverpool to evaluate vulnerability of business processes to mounting oil prices. The audit is made up of several sub stages as mentioned below: In first step business is overviewed carefully in order to understand the main entities of the business. Entities could be anything like a particular product or service line, market segment, specific customer etc. In my report entity is Geography Module taught at Liverpool Hope University. Once the entity is identified next step is to gather more information on individual activities that take place under that entity processes involved in order to carry on those activities. Also resources required to conduct these process are listed down. This is represented using flow charts. Once the framework for audit is set, associated data is acknowledged collated. Cost data required here is of operational nature. The most important thing to do after gathering the costing data is to prepare Oil Vulnerability Audit Resource Dictionary which contains all the resources in scope. Once the resource dictionary is ready, specify the percentage of cost will be allocated to each activity. Also need to normalize the costs based on reasonable grounds. Next step is to review each resource set the flags. This is done by adding five more columns; energy, liquid fuels, petrochemicals, man-made materials and components made from man-made materials. This will help to indicate oil vulnerability of resources. These particular flags were chosen by the developer of this tool because they help to indentify where the resource is exactly situated in the oil supply chain. The further down the supply chain, the smaller the impact of oil price increases in the short-term but the flags acts as early warning indicator for rising prices in the medium term. Now the resources in the resource dictionary are allocated to appropriate business processes. The flags set will now help to decide whether particular resource should be included in oil vulnerability calculation or not. Now information from each business process can roll up through the business hierarchy to summarise the costs and the OVR information, at each level. Using this tool, oil vulnerability of Geography module taught in Liverpool Hope University University of Liverpool will be calculated compared against each other. Then further discussions will be made as which one is more vulnerable to rising oil prices. Possible Questions asked to gather the information: Based on above discussion the data will be collected from both the organizations. In order to get details required for building the Oil Vulnerability Audit Framework further calculations data will be collected by interviewing the concerned people in both institutions. Following are some of the possible questions that will be asked to the concerned person during their interview. Information required to build the geography Model What is the title of the module? What is the module about? This module is offered under which course? This module comes under which department? What are the contents of the module? Whats the structure of the module? (Lectures/assignments/exam/lab work/field trips/seminars/guest lecturers) Who is the module leader? How many faculty members are there? How many students have enrolled for this module? How are the lectures designed? What are the prerequisites for conducting lectures? Who is involved in designing the structure of the lectures? Whats the procedure of conducting the exam? Information required for defining Resources, Costs Allocation What are the resources used for conducting the module? What is the cost of these resources? Are the required resources easily available? Resources are availed from local, regional or national suppliers? How much cost is incurred for conducting the exam? How much electricity is used per lecture, per exam?

A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennesse Williams - 535 Words

The talented playwright and writer Thomas â€Å"Tennessee† Lanier Williams III was born to an unhappy family on March 26, 1911 in Columbus, Mississippi. He was the second child of Edwina and Cornelius Coffin Williams. His father was a traveling shoe salesman who would spend most of his time away from home. C.C. Williams’ behavior at home was violent due to his fierce, physical temper and hard-drinking practices. He disdained both Tennessee and Edwina. Williams’ mother, who was locked in an unhappy marriage, focused the majority of her overbearing attention on him due to his frail health. Williams and his two siblings, Rose Isabel and Walter Dalkin, would spend their early childhood with their maternal grandparents in Clarksdale, Mississippi. The family moved numerous times due to Edwina’s constant search for the ideal home environment as well as C.C.’s heavy drinking habits and turbulent behavior. Both historians and critics observe that Williams f ound his writing’s inspiration through his dysfunctional family. Williams became found of writing at an early age. He described his childhood as a happy one until his family moved from Mississippi to Missouri. â€Å"The carefree nature of his boyhood was stripped [away] in his new urban home†; therefore, Williams sought solace by turning inward and writing his thoughts. At sixteen years of age, he earned five dollars by winning third place in a writing competition. 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Gender Roles Seen in Toys Free Essays

Gender Roles and Toys By Shawna Robb English 101 Professor Solomon One room has pretty pink wallpaper with a princess border; the other is blue with monster trucks on one-wall and sports pictures on another. It is not hard to tell which room is female and which room is male. Male and female are used in this instance to define genders. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Roles Seen in Toys or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gender, unlike sex, is a universal guideline upon which individuals are placed. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behavior, and activities that a particular society considers appropriate for men and women. When the pressure of gender stereotypes is open to debate some say there are prenatal influences that are gender based. What is obvious is that gender plays a significant role when it comes to the toys people select for their children and the way that toy companies market them. â€Å"Toys-R-Us† is a United States based toy company who has been taken to task for marketing designs that reflect or promote gender specific toys. It is wrong that toy stores, like â€Å"Toy’s-R-Us†, clearly divides the toys by gender in stores and in toy advertisements because it teaches children how they are supposed to be in order to be accepted by society, promotes aggressive behavior for males and a passive attitude for females. Stereotypical boy toys are things like action figures and toy cars. These are both active and aggressive, which is â€Å"masculine† representing how men are supposed to be in society. Girl’s toys are often dolls, dress up, and toys that mimic household duties. That is stereotypical because its saying girls are passive, not active. It is setting standards that girls belong in the home for their future while boys get doctor kits or chemistry sets that give them higher goals. Introducing children to these gender role ideas this early is shaping them for the rest of their lives. The world’s leading fast food franchise has an interest in the gender of its young customers. At McDonalds a very popular child’s meal is the happy meal. When a Happy Meal is ordered the worker always asks if the child is a boy or a girl. This lets the worker know what type of toy to put in with the meal. The McDonalds worker could ask if the customer wants a hot wheels or a mini Barbie but instead they learn the gender of the customer and stereotypically provide the toy. Toy stores separate their store by toys for girls and toys for boys. The girl isle has stereotypical girl colors like pink, purple, and yellow. All of these colors are light when the boy’s section has colors like red, blue’s, black, brown and green. All of the boy’s colors are darker and less â€Å"pretty†. Just from that quick look down the isle one can notice which is for girls versus boys. The dark colors are less southing and action oriented. The girl colors, are lighter making them much more calm and subdued. This same pattern can be seen in advertisements on television. Female directed commercials are light colors, with softer music usually having lyrics that explain the toy and giving passive examples for what can be done with the toy. Boy’s commercials however have the message that they are going to go out and do something active with the toy. The music for masculine toys is generally uplifting and motivating, which makes a boy excited to play with the toy. Commercials cannot be avoided and they reach almost all boys and girls on a day-to-day basis. One interesting area in looking at the influences of toys and gender is the advertising of toys relative to levels of aggression. The television airwaves are filled with toy advertising. Is there a relationship between this advertising and levels of violence, does this relationship show a gender bias? For example a parent might wonder if the purchase of â€Å"boy oriented† toys for their child might increase the child’s risk for becoming violent. The parent might also wonder if merely watching the advertisements themselves increase children’s risk for becoming violent. In 2001 Kilinger, Hamilton and Cantrell offered the observation that the use of commercials to sell children’s toy products could have a socialization impact on children similar to that of television programming. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory says, â€Å"human behavior is transmitted, whether deliberately or inadvertently, largely through exposure to social models†(Bandura 1). When a child thinks that a behavior will be punished versus rewarded but instead is not even acknowledged they will perceive it as a reward. Children usually continue rewarded behavior to receive more praise. Television is seen as a â€Å"super tutor† to Bandura, the child will model what they see on television, not knowing if it is good or bad. For those children whose parents are not good role models, the television becomes the behavioral role model. If violence and aggression is viewed on the television, it is more likely that children will engage in violent and aggressive behavior. While television can model appropriate behavior, there is a well-documented tendency for violence and aggression. Advertisements are difficult to avoid since they are interwoven in shows and they tend to emphasize violent and aggressive behavior (Kilinger 13). In the study by Kilinger, Hamilton and Cantrell they observed â€Å"children’s perceptions of aggressive content, stereotypic sex-role behavior, and appropriateness of television toy commercials†(Kilinger, 11). The results of the study support the notion that there is a gender bias in terms of aggressive content and consequently aggression potential. The results did show that toys and the advertisements for them aimed toward boys were more aggressive than that of the toys that are gender neutral or aimed toward girls. The commercials shown were clearly sex role stereotyped. This is consistent with other research that has supported the idea that boys are more socialized toward aggression. Boys may be more desensitized to aggression as a result of gender stereotyped toy commercials as well as their toy selections in the past. Again, this is a reason for concern since commercials are unavoidable while watching television. While the promotion of aggression is certainly an adequate reason to exercise great care when it comes to toy and gender, it is not the only reason. Parents do support gender bias toys from the time the child is born. More often than not, a boy will receive toys that are focused towards boys and girls will receive stereotypical girl toys. The children do not go out and buy this themselves; their parents will pick out their toys until the child is already taught what they should like. Parent’s will find out they are having a boy or a girl then base everything around that detail, like the room color example, children and baby clothes are also gender biased as well as their toys. When the girl is playing with girl toys she will be rewarded for the â€Å"right† interests, as would a boy playing with a boy toy. They will then continue this behavior to get their parent’s approval. If a father see’s their son playing with a Barbie doll or asking to be a princess, their father might redirect them saying those are girl things urging them to play with a male biased toy. One thing Social Learning Theory has assumed is that reinforcement and punishment is the means by which parents socialize children. The study named â€Å"Parental Socialization of Young Children’s Play†, done by Eisenberg, Wolchik, Hernandez and Pasternack, observed the parent’s involvement with enforcing gender stereotypes. This study found that parents do reward their children for same-sex toy play. It is not only the toy companies that enforce gender roles in toys; the people raising the child are also responsible for teaching stereotypical thinking. The idea that cross-sexed interests are wrong does come from society and children start learning this from the time they are born. (Eisenberg, Wolchik, Hernandez and Pasternack 1506). A thirteen-year-old Swedish boy, Hannes Psajd, spoke out about the gender focused toys in â€Å"Toys-R-Us†. Hannes said that the 2008 â€Å"Toys-R-Us† Christmas Catalog showed boys playing with different toys than girls do. The boy said that he and his sister always play with the same toys and there is nothing wrong with that. Psajd said that it sends the wrong message to girls, since they are playing with only passive toys. Hannes stated â€Å"boys want to be princesses sometimes†(Landes 1), demonstrating that this store does not only discriminate against girls. When the claim was looked into by a regulatory committee they stated that, â€Å"Toys-R-Us discriminates based on gender and counteracts positive social behavior, lifestyles, and attitudes†(1). This shows that children do recognize this problem if it is brought to their attention. The problem of toys defining gender roles does not completely rest  rest with â€Å"Toys-R-Us† but is a societal problem. Society has created the gender roles we now have and these roles are often strict. While it will take time to make fundamental changes in gender bias a starting point could be the creation of more gender-neutral toys. These toys would have to find their way into homes and that could be a function of the advertising that is currently part of the problem. Parents need to be educated to nurture more flexible gender roles and allow children to explore their interests, even if this interest violates stereotypical norms. Boys and girls should have equal opportunity to play with a doll or a monster truck. Children are taught gender roles from the time they are born, toys are one way that this is taught to them. In a toy store like â€Å"Toys-R-Us†, it is clear to see which isle is for boys and which one is for girls. The colors and stereotypical gender bias toys show the clear division in the store between feminine versus masculine toys. Television advertisements depict females as being passive while they promote aggressive behavior for males, this can lead to boys acting violently in the future. Parents sometimes scold children who play with cross-sex toys, which will teach the child not to repeat this behavior. Gender roles teach a child what they are supposed to be, feminine or masculine, and toys to play a part in enforcing these gender stereotypes. Works Cited Bandura, Albert. â€Å"Psychological Modeling: Conflicting Theories†. Chicago: Aldine Atherton, 1971. Print. Eisenberg, Nancy, Walchik, Sharlene A. Hernandez, Robert, Pasternack, Jeannette F. â€Å"Parental Socialization of Young Children’s Play: A Short-Term Longitudinal Study. † Child Development 56. 6 (1985): 1506-13. ERIC. EBSCO. Web. 5 Apr. 2011. Klinger, Lori J. , James A. Hamilton, Cantrell, Peggy J. â€Å"Children’s Perceptions of Aggressive and Gender-Specific Content in Toy Commercials. † Social Behavior and Per sonality 29. 1 (2001): 11-20. PsycINFO. EBSCO. Web. 5 Apr. 2011. Landes, David. â€Å"Toys‘R’Us Scolded for Gender Discrimination. † The Local: Sweden’s News in English. 6 October 2009. Print. How to cite Gender Roles Seen in Toys, Papers

Pablo Picasso Analysis Essay Example For Students

Pablo Picasso Analysis Essay Picasso, Pablo Ruiz y (1881-1973), Spanish painter and sculptor, is consideredone of the greatest artist of the 20th century. He was a inventor of forms,innovator of styles and techniques, a master of various media, and one of themost prolific artists in history. He created more than 20,000 works. Trainingand Early Work Picasso was Born in Mlaga on October 25, 1881, he was the sonof Jos Ruiz Blasco, an art teacher, and Mara Picasso y Lopez. Until 1898 healways used his fathers name, Ruiz, and his mothers maiden name, Picasso, tosign his pictures. After about 1901 he dropped Ruiz and used his mothersmaiden name to sign his pictures. At the age of 10 he made his first paintings,and at 15 he performed brilliantly on the entrance examinations to BarcelonasSchool of Fine Arts. His large academic canvas Science and Charity (1897,Picasso Museum, Barcelona), depicting a doctor, a nun, and a child at a sickwomans bedside, won a gold medal. Blue Period Between 1900 and 1902, Picassomade three trips to Paris, finally settling there in 1904. He found the citysbohemian street life fascinating, and his pictures of people in dance halls andcafs show how he learned the postimpressionism of the French painter PaulGauguin and the symbolist painters called the Nabis. The themes of the Frenchpainters Edgar Degas and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, as well as the style of thelatter, exerted the strongest influence. Picassos Blue Room (1901, PhillipsCollection, Washington, D.C.) reflects the work of both these painters and, atthe same time, shows his evolution toward the Blue Period, so called becausevarious shades of blue dominated his work for the next few years. Expressinghuman misery, the paintings portray blind figures, beggars, alcoholics, andprostitutes, their somewhat elongated bodies reminiscent of works by the Spanishartist El Greco. Rose Period Shortly after settling in Paris in a shabbybuilding known as the Bateau-Lavoir (laundry barge, which it resembled),Picasso met Fernande Olivier, the first of many companions to influence thetheme, style, and mood of his work. With this happy relationship, Picassochanged his palette to pinks and reds; the years 1904 and 1905 are thus calledthe Rose Period. Many of his subjects were drawn from the circus, which hevisited several times a week; one such painting is Family of Saltimbanques(1905, National Gallery, Washington, D.C. ). In the figure of the harlequin,Picasso represented his alter ego, a practice he repeated in later works aswell. Dating from his first decade in Paris are friendships with the poet MaxJacob, the writer Guillaume Apollinaire, the art dealers Ambroise Vollard andDaniel Henry Kahnweiler, and the American expatriate writers Gertrude Stein andher brother Leo, who were his first important patrons; Picasso did portraits ofthem all. Protocubism In the summer of 1906, during Picassos stay in Gsol,Spain, his work entered a new phase, marked by the influence of Greek, Iberian,and African art. His celebrated portrait of Gertrude Stein (1905-1906,Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City) reveals a masklike treatment of herface. The key work of this early period, however, is Les demoiselles dAvignon(1907, Museum of Modern Art, New York City), so radical in styleits picturesurface resembling fractured glassthat it was not even understood bycontemporary avant-garde painters and critics. Destroyed were spatial depth andthe ideal form of the female nude, which Picasso restructured into harsh,angular planes. CubismAnalytic and Synthetic Inspired by the volumetrictreatment of form by the French postimpressionist artist Paul Czanne, Picassoand the French artist Georges Braque painted landscapes in 1908 in a style laterdescribed by a critic as being made of little cubes, thus leading to theterm cubism. .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97 , .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97 .postImageUrl , .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97 , .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97:hover , .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97:visited , .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97:active { border:0!important; } .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97:active , .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97 .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4ac3a7c621f50c2a256dc17e76c5ce97:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare and Antigone by Sophocles Essay Some of their paintings are so similar that it is difficult to tellthem apart. Working together between 1908 and 1911, they were concerned withbreaking down and analyzing form, and together they developed the first phase ofcubism, known as analytic cubism. Monochromatic color schemes were favored intheir depictions of radically fragmented motifs, whose several sides were shownsimultaneously. Picassos favorite subjects were musical instruments, still-lifeobjects, and his friends; one famous portrait is Daniel Henry Kahnweiler (1910,Art Institute of Chicago). In 1912, pasting paper and a piece of oilcloth to thecanvas and combining these with painted areas, Picasso created his firstcollage, Still Life with Chair Caning (Muse Picasso, Paris). This techniquemarked a transition to synthetic cubism. This second phase of cubism is moredecorative, and color plays a major role, although shapes remain fragmented andflat. Picasso was to practice synthetic cubism throughout his career, but by nomeans exclusively. Two works of 1915 demonstrate his simultaneous work indifferent styles: Harlequin (Museum of Modern Art) is a synthetic cubistpainting, whereas a drawing of his dealer, Vollard, now in the MetropolitanMuseum, is executed in his Ingresque style, so called because of itsdraftsmanship, emulating that of the 19th-century French neoclassical artistJean-August-Dominique Ingres. Cubist Sculpture Picasso created cubist sculpturesas well as paintings. The bronze bust Fernande Olivier (also called Head of aWoman, 1909, Museum of Modern Art) shows his consummate skill in handlingthree-dimensional form. He also made constructionssuch as Mandolin andClarinet (1914, Muse Picasso)from odds and ends of wood, metal, paper, andnonartistic materials, in which he explored the spatial hypotheses of cubistpainting. His Glass of Absinthe (1914, Museum of Modern Art), combining a silversugar strainer with a painted bronze sculpture, anticipates his much laterfound object creations, such as Baboon and Young (1951, Museum of ModernArt), as well as pop art objects of the 1960s. Realist and Surrealist WorksDuring World War I (1914-1918), Picasso went to Rome, working as a designer withSergey Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes. He met and married the dancer OlgaKoklova. In a realist style, Picasso made several portraits of her around 1917,of their son (for example, Paulo as Harlequin; 1924, Muse Picasso), and ofnumerous friends. In the early 1920s he did tranquil, neoclassical pictures ofheavy, sculpturesque figures, an example being Three Women at the Spring (1921,Museum of Modern Art), and works inspired by mythology, such as The Pipes of Pan(1923, Muse Picasso). At the same time, Picasso also created strange picturesof small-headed bathers and violent convulsive portraits of women which areoften taken to indicate the tension he experienced in his marriage. Although hestated he was not a surrealist, many of his pictures have a surreal anddisturbing quality, as in Sleeping Woman in Armchair (1927, Private Collection,Brussel) and Seated Bather (1930, Museum of Modern Art). Paintings of the Early1930s Several cubist paintings of the early 1930s, stressing harmonious,curvilinear lines and expressing an underlying eroticism, reflect Picassospleasure with his newest love, Marie Thrse Walter, who gave birth to theirdaughter Maa in 1935. Marie Thrse, frequently portrayed sleeping, also wasthe model for the famous Girl Before a Mirror (1932, Museum of Modern Art). In1935 Picasso made the etching Minotauromachy, a major work combining hisminotaur and bullfight themes; in it the disemboweled horse, as well as thebull, prefigure the imagery of Guernica, a mural often called the most importantsingle work of the 20th century. Throughout Picassos lifetime, his work wasexhibited on countless occasions, in many different places. Most unusual,however, was the 1971 exhibition at the Louvre, in Paris, honoring him on his90th birthday; until then, living artists had not been shown there. .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1 , .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1 .postImageUrl , .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1 , .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1:hover , .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1:visited , .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1:active { border:0!important; } .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1:active , .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1 .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2edcb46a9de17df2bb68782d3a8c97c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Police Brutality Essay In 1980 amajor retrospective showing of his work was held at the Museum of Modern Art inNew York City. Picasso died in his villa Notre-Dame-de-Vie near Mougins on April8, 1973.Arts and Painting